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Based on the proof-of-theory experiment, the conversion effectiveness of 23% implied the potential for reaching high-power at the 2nd Stokes wavelength in the Raman laser. If the pump laser of 1078 nm may be received at the normal energy of fifty W, the output ability of its 2nd Stokes wavelength at 1512 nm could possibly be over ten W. The design of the Raman laser cavity should be optimized in an effort to avoid the injury from the M1 and diamond surface.
By way of example, The present concave OC could get replaced by a airplane mirror which could mitigate the power density on the floor of M1 along with the diamond. Moreover, utilizing substantial destruction threshold coatings for M1 and diamond would also Increase the output ability with no damages. Then, the NIR laser for the 2nd Stokes wavelength could possibly be higher sufficient, along with its good beam excellent, to generate the final DUV laser at 193 nm by using a higher typical electricity.
On the other hand, the beam good quality of the larger electric power DUV laser would develop into worse because of a lot more severe thermal and nonlinear outcomes. Hence, the frequency conversion processes must be meticulously designed to mitigate the aforementioned consequences. Hence, a substantial-electric power DUV laser for the FHG of 1 μm with a superb beam high quality may be obtained and will be effective for acquiring the shorter wavelength DUV lasers including 193 nm by SFG.
Due to the thermal lens influence while in the strong-state lasers, if the heating management is inadequate, it is not straightforward to acquire the stable-condition laser which has a significant ability as well as a superior beam high-quality simultaneously. Just lately, with the development of the thin disk laser and solitary-crystal fiber (SCF) laser, a significant-ability laser at the basic wavelength (1 μm) were understood with a great beam high quality even with a TEM00 manner beam [4,24], which would be good candidates for the fundamental with the DUV laser technology. Yet another applicant for the fundamental may be the higher-power fiber laser which can be achieved by coherent beam mix with M2 worth below 1.
On one other facet, the ability scaling from the NIR laser is yet another factor to boost the typical electric power on the 193-nm DUV laser. Because of the deficiency of the higher-electric power amplification solution in the NIR laser (such as at 1553 nm), nonlinear frequency procedures like optical parameter oscillation (OPO) may be placed on establish a wavelength converter by shifting the wavelength from one μm to the desired wavelength and obtaining relative greater electrical power [21]. Just lately, a diamond Raman laser showed its capacity in obtaining a substantial electrical power plus a substantial conversion effectiveness with the 1st Stokes on the 1-μm laser [22,23], which means the likelihood being utilized while in the 193-nm DUV laser generation due to its high Raman get and huge frequency change.
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The heart beat duration of the 2nd Stokes mild was shortened to five ns as shown in Determine 7a, a single-shot photo in the oscilloscope, which happens to be a standard phenomenon in Raman laser [44] when the heart beat period from the pump laser was ten ns.
Cesium Lithium Borate (CsLiB6O10 or CLBO) is the most effective non-linear crystal which generates ultraviolet harmonics of the Nd:YAG basic laser wavelength. As a way to increase the injury threshold, minimal CLBO floor roughness, by extremely-precision machining, is required. Because the CLBO crystal has straightforward hydroscopic reaction and micro scratches in machining, ultra-exact machining with the CLBO crystal is a tricky complex challenge.
The beam profile shown in Determine 7b shown a fantastic beam high-quality as one of the deserves of Raman laser, which might be helpful to create a 193-nm DUV laser with a high quality beam.
The conversion effectiveness from fundamental NIR to DUV is from 5% to 36% based on the reported leads to Table 1. Escalating the conversion performance will lessen the burden on the design and setup of the basic laser amplifier together with the electric powered electrical power intake. A fantastic beam high-quality of the elemental laser will also contribute towards the escalating in the conversion effectiveness and the appropriate power depth of your website NIR and environmentally friendly laser during the SHG and FHG course of action, respectively. The very best conversion efficiencies from NIR to eco-friendly and green to DUV laser by usage of CLBO crystal are 70% and close to 50%, respectively [twelve], which corresponds for the conversion efficiency of 35% from essential to DUV.
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